Pediatric Emergencies

SimWars

This post is part of a series developed in preparation for participation in ACEP SimWars. It contains a review of several prominent emergency medicine topics which may be relevant for board preparation. Unless otherwise cited, content is based on HippoEM videos.

Diseases by Age

  • 1 week – 1 month: Ductal dependent cardiac lesions
  • 1st month: Malrotation with volvulus
  • 1 – 2 months: Pyloric Stenosis
  • 2 – 6 months: CHF
  • 3 months – 2 years: Intussusception
  • 6 months – 2 years: Croup
  • <2 years: Bronchiolitis
  • 2 years: Meckel’s
  • 2 years – 6 years: Epiglottitis

Cardiology

Ductal Dependent Lesions

  • Present 1st week to 1st month
  • Normal duct seals by 3 weeks
  • If dependent on shunt for pulmonary flow  cyanosis
  • If dependent on shunt for systemic flow cold shock (may be worse w/ fluids)
  • Prostaglandin E1
    • 1 mg/kg/min
    • Side effects include apnea, bradycardia, hypotension, seizure
      • Consider intubating prior to administration
    • IVF, cover for sepsis

Congestive Heart Failure

  • Present 2nd to 6th month
  • Presents with respiratory symptoms (wheezing, retractions, tachypnea)
  • Difficulty with feeding (the infant stress test)
  • Treatment: Supportive

 Tetrology of Fallot

  1. Calm the child, knee to chest
  2. O2 = reduction in PVR
  3. Analgesia: morphine 0.1mg/kg, fentanyl 1.5 mcg/kg, ketamine 0.25 mg/kg
  4. Establish Access: 10-20cc/kg bolus
  5. Phenylephrine 0.2 mg/kg IV (to increase SVR)
  6. +/- HCO3 1mmol/kg (if acidosis)
  7. +/- beta blocker (with cardiology consultation)
  8. PGE1 0.05mcg/kg/min titrating to 0.1mcg/kg/min

Dermatology

Slapped Cheek/5th Disease

  • Parvo B19
  • Slapped cheeks, lacy reticular pattern of rash on body
  • Complications:
    • Pregnancy hydrops
    • Sickle Cell Disease  aplastic crisis

Measles

  • Koplik spots, conjunctivitis, fever
  • Can cause blindness

VZV

  • Different stages of development
  • Treat with acyclovir if > 12 years old
  • Give VZIG in neonates and immunocompromised

Scarlet Fever

  • Erythematous rash, palatal petechiae, pastia’s lines
  • Strawberry tongue
  • Trunk to periphery
  • Treat with Pen VK: 50mg/kg BID x10d or Amox 20mg/kg BID x10d
  • Pen allergic: Azithro 10mg/kg day 1 then 5mg/kg 2-5

Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome

  • Toxin mediated, negative Nikolsky, good prognosis
  • Treatment: Anti-staphylococcal antibiotics
    • Nafcillin 25mg/kg/d IV
    • Augmentin 45mg/kg/d PO in 2 divdied doses 7-10d
    • Keflex 10mg/kg/d QID x7-10d

Henoch-Schonlein Purpura

  • Palpable purpura in dependent areas
  • Arthralgia/Arthritis (50-84%)
  • Abdominal pain (50%): vascular lesions in bowel, may be intussusception lead point
  • Renal Disease (20-50%) may develop within 2 months
  • Treatment: Supportive, NSAIDs

Kawasaki Disease

  • 5 days of fever + 4/5 of criteria
    • Diffuse polymorphous diffuse rash
    • Conjunctivitis
    • Mucous membrane change (strawberry tongue)
    • Cervical LAD (usually unilateral)
    • Extremity changes
  • Incomplete and atypical forms more common in infants
  • Treatment (drop complications from 25% to 4-5%)
    • Aspirin 20mg/kg/dose Q6H
    • IVIG 2gm/kg over 12H

Gastroenterology

Bilious Vomiting

  • Bilious vomiting malrotation with volvulus until proven otherwise  surgical emergency
  • 1st month of life “pre-verbal child’s disease”
  • Dx: Upper GI Series (10-15%) false positive rate

Necrotizing Enterocolitis

  • 10% of cases full term
  • XR w/ pneumatosis intestinalis

Hirschsprung’s

  • No meconium, slightly distended abdomen
  • Less severe  later presentation, p/w constipation

Pyloric Stenosis

  • Presents around 6 wks: vomiting but very hungry
  • Diagnosis
    • US pylorus > 4mm thick, >15mm long
    • NGT aspiration 5cc is abnormal
  • Treatment
    • Resuscitate
    • Correct metabolic abnormalities
    • Consult surgery

Intussusception

  • Most common infant emergency
    • 3 months – 2 years
  • Abdominal pain, currant jelly, palpable mass (30% only)
  • Typical presentation
    • Lethargy (may be only sign)
    • Vomiting
    • Paroxysms of pain
    • SBO
    • PO intolerance
  • Diagnosis: US
  • Treatment: Enema (80-95% successful), 10% recurrence

Meckel’s Diverticulum

  • Around 2 years of age, boys > girls
  • Obstruction, intussusception
  • Diagnose with technetium scan

Appendicitis

  • 1/3rd with vomiting and diarrhea (AGE-type syndrome)

Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome

  • Watery/bloody diarrhea
  • Three components
    • Acute renal failure
    • Thrombocytopenia
    • Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia (MAHA)
  • Signs
    • Pallor
    • Abdominal Pain
    • Decreased urine output
    • Low energy/AMS
    • Hypertension
    • Edema
    • Petechiae
    • Icterus
  • Treatment: Supportive vs. Dialysis (50%)

GI Bleed by Age

Age Well-Appearing Ill-Appearing
Neonate Allergic Proctocolitis Malrotation with Volvulus
Anal Fissure Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Swallowed Maternal Blood Coagulopathy
Infant/Young Child Allergic Proctocolitis Meckel’s
Gastritis Intussusception
Infectious Colitis Vascular Malformation
Older Child/Adolescent Gastritis IBD
Esophageal Bleeding Cryptic Liver Disease
Juvenile Polyps Intestinal Ulceration

Congenital Disorders

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

  • Presents in first two weeks of life
  • Chief complaint may be vomiting
  • Lyte: HyperK, HypoNa, Hypoglycemia  dysrhythmias, seizures
  • Treatment
    • IVF (usual dose)
    • Glucose (usual dose)
    • Hydrocortisone: 25mg (neonate/infant), 50mg child, adolescent/adult 100mg

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

  • Possible CC: Vomiting, Lethargy, Seizures, Hepatomegaly, Metab Acidosis, Odor
  • May have normal labs and imaging
  • Life-threatening: Metabolic acidosis, Hypoglycemia, Hyperammonemia, Sepsis
  • Labs
    • VBG (acidosis),
    • CMP (liver, kidney, anion gap)
    • Ammonia, lactate, urine (ketones, reducing substance)
    • Bunch of extra tubes for labs later
  • Treatment
    • NPO
    • IVF bolus
    • D10 at 1.5x maintenance
    • Treat Sepsis
    • Control seizures PRN, correct hyperammonemia/acid/lyte (may need dialysis)

Pulmonary

Croup

  • Toddlers (6-24 months), 5% of all children, boys > girls
    • PIV #1
    • Rhinovirus, Metapneumovirus, PIV II-IV, RSV, Flu A/B
    • Frequent co-infections with one or more viruses
  • Sx: 1-3 days of URI Sx  Abrupt cough/stridor worse for one day, then better
  • Signs: Nontoxic, if wheezing likely RSV
  • Studies: XR to r/o FB (steeple sign if positive)
  • Treatment: Racemic Epi: 0.25-0.75 cc in 3 cc Q 20 minutes, lasts < 2 hours
  • Disposition: If stridor at rest then treat if no improvement, then admit
Stridor Steroids Racemic Epi Dispo
Mild 0.15 mg/kg No Home
At rest with WOB 0.30 mg/kg Yes Admit
Severe at rest 0.60 mg/kg Yes ICU

Bronchiolitis

  • Children < 2 years old, November through April (peak Jan/Feb)
    • Apnea in neonates and ex-premies < 2 months
    • Bacterial superinfection is very rare
  • Presentation: Desat, tachypnea, nasal flaring, intercostal retractions, secretions
  • Exam: Fine rales, diffuse/fine wheezing
  • Treatment: Suction, O2 (if < 90%), NPPV
  • Maybe albuterol, but no steroids/epi/abx

Epiglottitis

  • Bimodal (2-6, 20-40y), < 1% URI with stridor, boys = girls, al year
    • Non-typable H.flu, staph/strep, Moraxella
    • Candida, HSV, VZV, crack cocaine
  • Symptoms: Muffled voice, drooling rapid progression in hours
  • Signs: No pharyngeal findings with severely tender anterior neck
  • Studies: XR w/ thumb sign
  • Treatment: Laryngoscopy, airway management

Bacterial Tracheitis

  • Preschool (1-10y), boys = girls, Downs
  • Symptoms: Several days’ URI  toxic in hours, rapid progression
  • Signs: Subglottic diffuse inflammation, edema with exudates and pseudomembranes
  • Studies: CXR demonstrates narrow trachea
  • Treatment: Emergent intubation, 3rd generation cephalosporin