Submersion Injury

Pathophysiology

  • Breath-holding until eventual involuntary gasp which triggers reflexive laryngospasm. Resultant loss of consciousness may cause laryngeal relaxation and aspiration.
  • Fluid aspiration results in decreased surfactant activity and atelectasis. This is complicated by V/Q mismatch and atelectrauma which can lead to ARDS.

Symptoms

  • Progressive respiratory distress
  • AMS: due to cerebral hypoxia
  • Shock: uncommon, consider trauma

Management

  • Albuterol
  • BiPAP
  • Endotracheal intubation
  • ECMO

Disposition

  • Asymptomatic or minor event: observe 2-3 hours
  • Mildly symptomatic: observe 4-6 hours
  • Hypoxia: admit
  • PPV: ICU